These findings reinforce previous experimental demonstrations of the importance of runway size cues related to varying runway length, and also show that potential size cues provided by approach lights do not prevent illusions due to variations in runway size. Neither the presence of equal intensity approach lights nor uncomfortable glare from approach lights 20 times brighter than runway lights had an effect of practical significance on responses. Decreasing the visible length of the runway by occulting lights of the far half increased mean generated approach angles from 2.2 degrees to 2.7 degrees in agreement with results of a previous experiment involving similar lengths of runways. In addition, a 1,400-ft (427 m) abbreviated approach light system (SSALS) was used at three intensities. In the second experiment, 24 pilots made simulated approaches to a 150- by 6,000-ft runway which was either fully visible or which had lights of the upwind half occluded. Pilots controlled a moving runway model to produce a constant "normal" angle of approach over the distance range of 23,000 ft (7010 m) to 8,000 ft (2438 m) from threshold. Dual Mode High Intensity Approach Lighting System (ALSF-2/SSALR): Superseding FAA-E-2689 : Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), D: : Boeken. In the first experiment, 40 pilots made simulated visual approaches to a 150- by 6,000-ft runway (45.7-1829 m) with and without a 3,000-ft approach (914 m) light system (ALSF-2). PAPI for aircraft with eye-to-wheel height up to 45 feet. Glide Slope Indicator: PAPI for aircraft with eye-to-wheel height up to 45 feet. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. ALSF-2: Category II/III High Intensity Approach Lighting System. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of approach lighting on perception of approach angle in simulated night approaches. ALSF-2: Category II/III High Intensity Approach Lighting System. Even though approach lighting is not designed to provide vertical guidance, it is possible that cues from approach lights could interact with cues from runway lighting to reduce illusions due to variation in runway size. Systems include sequenced flashing lights, which appear to the pilot as a ball of light traveling towards the runway at high speed (twice a second) and provide visual guidance for all landing categories (CAT I, CAT II, and CAT III).Previous experiments in this laboratory have demonstrated illusions due to variations in both length and width of runways in nighttime "black hole" approaches. The lights are spaced at 100' intervals from the runway threshold outward to 2400'. Filter by: Sort by: Popularity Alphabetically Category. 1) Continuous position to land on intended runway 2) Required flight visibility 3) Runway environment in sight (approved visual reference for the runway) But what are the approved visual references for the runway that let you land There are 10 of them, and weve got them for you right here. The flashers flash in sequence starting with the flasher farthest from the runway and ending with the flasher closer to the runway threshold. This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: ALSF-II. ALS are a configuration of signal lights starting at the landing threshold and extending into the approach area a distance of 2400-3000 feet for precision instrument runways.Ī typical ALSF-2 system consists of 247 steady burning lights: including green threshold lights (49 lights), red side row-bar lamps (9 rows, 54 lamps), and high intensity steady burning white lights (144), plus an additional 15 flashing lights commonly referred to as flashers. The ALSF-2 provides visual information on runway alignment, height perception, roll guidance, and horizontal references for Category II/III instrument approaches. Operational requirements dictate the sophistication and configuration of the approach light system for a particular runway. The ALSF-2 is an approach lighting system (ALS), which provides the basic means to transition from instrument flight to visual flight for landing. Recreational Flyers & Modeler Community-Based Organizations.Critical Infrastructure & Public Venues. Certificated Remote Pilots including Commercial Operators.Legislation & Policies, Regulations & Guidance.Data & Research Subnav: Data & Research 1.Airport Safety Information Video Series.Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Program.
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